Portal: Underground

Construction of sprayed concrete lining (SCL) ground support across the world utilizes the construct, verify and rework cycle. This methodology typically requires survey verification of the as-built result against design for each stage of the ground support installation. However, processing and analyzing the measurement data is a time consuming and often intensive manual process.

The recent Position Statement #2, “Spraying Shotcrete on Synthetic Sheet Waterproofing Membranes,” published by the ASA Underground Committee, pointed out many aspects critical to successful performance and raised some potential issues affecting the placement.1 In the position statement, specific techniques are presented to prevent problems such as delamination, voids, or fallouts. In the discussion, the potential issue of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) causing damage and potentially puncturing the membrane was raised. From the experience of the committee and the available information, it was concluded that: • The forces acting on the fiber are not strong enough to push the fiber into the membrane; and • The fibers tend to orient parallel to the membrane on impact, thus reducing the risk of damage. In parallel, a research project on this subject had been undertaken at Université Laval’s Shotcrete Laboratory, with the results only recently available. This article presents the results of this investigation.2 It is intended to support ideas presented in the ASA position paper and to help in the decision-making process when dealing with waterproofing membranes and FRS in underground projects.

The addition of fibers to concrete and mortars as reinforcement is not a new concept. The ancient Egyptians used straw to reinforce mud bricks for use in structures like the core walls of the pyramids. During the first century AD, the Romans incorporated horsehair fibers in the construction of structures like the Coliseum to help prevent drying shrinkage cracking of the concrete. In the modern era, the first scientific studies on the use of steel fibers to reinforce concrete date back to the 1960s and 1970s.1,2 The use of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) was first introduced in the 1970s.3 The first documented use of FRS was in 1973 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in a tunnel adit project at the Ryrie Reservoir in Idaho. Soon thereafter it became well recognized that soil and rock excavations could effectively be stabilized with steel FRS and its use and acceptance increased globally. In the mid-1990s, the use of macrosynthetic fibers in shotcrete was developed and has increased with particular success in temporary support in underground mines where large deformation capacity is desired. Since the 1970s, thousands of projects have been successfully completed using fibers as reinforcement, including shotcrete, slabson-ground, composite steel decks, slabs-on-pile, and precast elements.