A History of Shotcrete Use at Vale Inco

Vale Inco mining company is a leading producer of nickel, copper, cobalt, and precious metals and has been operating in Sudbury, ON, Canada, located about 240 miles (400 km) north of Toronto, for more than 100 years.

Embrittlement of Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete

In underground construction, minimum performance levels for shotcrete with respect to compressive and flexural strength, ductility, and resistance to the environment are usually required to be maintained over the entire design life of a lining.

Expanded Metal Sheet Forming

When the Port Authority of Allegheny County decided to build a busway from the Pittsburgh International Airport to downtown Pittsburgh, PA, part of the project incorporated rehabilitating an existing 2900 ft (884 m) tunnel.